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Study Guides

   Preparing to Learn
   Studying
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Studying

Critical Thinking

Critical Thinking is "the careful, deliberate determination of whether we should accept, reject, or suspend judgment about a claim, and the degree of confidence with which we accept or reject it."
From Critical Thinking by Moore and Parker. Strategies for Critical Reading  Ask yourself the following questions: What is the issue?" What conclusion does the author reach about the issue?"  What are the author's reasons for believing as he does?"  Be alert to bad reasoning (i.e. pity, fear, misuse of statistics etc.) that can fool you.
 Has the author used facts or opinions?  Facts can be proven.  Opinions cannot be proven and may or may not be based on sound reasoning. Has the author used neutral words or emotional words?  Critical readers look beyond the language to see if the reasons are clear. 
Characteristics of Critical Thinkers They are honest with themselves They resist manipulation They overcome confusion They ask questions They base judgments on evidence 
They look for connections between subjects They are intellectually independent 

Adapted from Critical Thinking by Vincent Ryan Ruggiero

Concentration
The art or practice of concentration, no matter if studying biology or playing pool, is to eliminate distraction and focus on the task at hand. If you find that you read through material and suddenly discover that you have no idea about what you've just read, or if you attend lectures and have difficulty paying attention to what is being said, these tips may help:

Stick to a routine, efficient study schedule Study in a quiet environment

For a study break, do something different from what you've been doing (e.g., walk around if you've been sitting), and in a different area

Avoid daydreaming by asking yourself questions about the material as you study it

Before lectures, look over the notes of the previous lecture and read the course material pertaining to the lecture so that you can anticipate the main ideas that the instructor will cover

Show outward interest during lectures (attentive expression and posture) to self-motivate internal interest

Resist distractions by sitting in front of the room away from disruptive classmates and by focusing on the instructor through listening and note taking

Adapted from J. R. Hayes, The Complete Problem Solver, Franklin Institute Press, 1981

Orginizing Projects
Begin early
It is never too early to start. By starting early you have more time to finish the project, and you guarantee yourself adequate time to do a good job.
Determine the time commitment. Find out:
How long the presentation or paper should be
How hard the material is to research
How much time you have to complete the project
Break the project down into manageable sections.
This table of tasks includes a column "done by" date to help you organize yourself and the project.
 






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